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8 Medical Procedures and Surgery

7/1/2016

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  1. A good waxing will restore the luster to the furniture.
    家具はワックスでよく磨けばつやがもどります.
  2. A hollow tube is inserted in the space.
    この空所に中空管を挿通する。
  3. He had catheterization surgery for a heart attack.
    彼は心筋梗塞のカテーテル手術をうけた。
  4. It will make your body flexible.
    体をしなやかにしてくれます。
  5. My stomach is almost bursting.
    お腹がパンクしそうだ.
  6. She deftly threaded the needle.
    彼女は器用に針に糸を通した.
  7. The entire stent is mounted on a balloon of a balloon angioplasty catheter to be nested.
    このステントの全体はバルーン式血管形成カテーテルのバルーン上に嵌め合わせ方式により取り付けられている。
  8. The frog inflated himself more and more, until finally he burst.
    カエルはどんどん腹をふくらませとうとう破裂してしまった。
  9. The man connected two wires.
    その男は二本の電線を連結した。
  10. The river suddenly narrows at this point.
    川幅はこの地点で急に狭まっています
  11. This medicine supports intestinal movement.
    この薬は胃腸の働きを助ける。
  12. This patient must have bypass surgery done.
    この患者にはバイパス手術が行われるべきである
Rarely, a child who has Kawasaki disease may need cardiac catheterization (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun). Doctors use this procedure to diagnose and treat some heart conditions.


A flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in the arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck and threaded to the heart. Through the catheter, doctors can perform tests and treatments on the heart.


Very rarely, a child may need to have other procedures or surgery if inflammation narrows his or her coronary arteries and blocks blood flow to the heart. Coronary angioplasty (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee), stent placement, or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be used.


Coronary angioplasty restores blood flow through narrowed or blocked coronary arteries. A thin tube with a balloon on the end is inserted into a blood vessel in the arm or groin. The tube is threaded to the narrowed or blocked coronary artery. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and restore blood flow.


A stent (small mesh tube) may be placed in the coronary artery during angioplasty. This device helps support the narrowed or weakened artery.


A stent can improve blood flow and prevent the artery from bursting.


Rarely, a child may need to have CABG.


This surgery is used to treat blocked coronary arteries. During CABG, a healthy artery or vein from another part of the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery.


The grafted artery or vein bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked part of the coronary artery. This improves blood flow to the heart.
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7 Long-Term Care and Treatment 

6/25/2016

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  1. a doctor who specializes in treating blood disorders in children.
    小児の血液疾患の治療を専門とする医師。
  2. a drug that helps prevent blood clots from forming.
    血餅形成の予防に有効な薬物。
  3. a sonograph that creates an image of the heart and its abnormalities
    心臓およびその異常のイメージを作成するソノグラフ
  4. I am going to relieve my stress.
    私はストレスを発散する。
  5. My cardiologist advised me to avoid fast food and smoking.
    心臓病専門医はファストフードと喫煙を避けるように忠告した。
  6. Reading books is a part of my daily routine.
    私は本を読むことが日課です。
  7. The injury will heal quickly.
    傷が早く治ります。
  8. The spool sensor detects the rotation speed of the spool.
    スプールセンサは、スプールの回転速度を検出する。
  9. Twist the strips of dough
    パン生地を細くねじってください
  10. We have not heard anything yet, which is affecting our business.
    今日まで何の連絡もなく、業務に支障を来たしております。
  • Kawasaki disease can cause serious health problems
  • Immune globulin is a medicine that's injected into a vein. 
  • For a small number of children, fever remains.
​

If Kawasaki disease has affected your child's coronary arteries, he or she will need ongoing care and treatment. It's best if a pediatric cardiologist improve symptoms


Preventing the disease from affecting the coronary arteries provides this care to reduce the risk of severe heart problems. A pediatric cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in treating children who have heart problems.


Medicines and Tests
When Kawasaki disease affects the coronary arteries, they may expand and twist. If this happens, your child's doctor may prescribe blood-thinning medicines (for example, warfarin). These medicines help prevent blood clots from forming in the affected coronary arteries.


Blood-thinning medicines usually are stopped after the coronary arteries heal. Healing may occur about 18 months after the acute phase of the disease.


In a small number of children, the coronary arteries don't heal. These children likely will need routine tests, such as:


Echocardiography. This test uses sound waves to create images of the heart.


EKG (electrocardiogram). This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity.


Stress test. This test provides information about how the heart works during physical activity or stress.
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6 How Is Kawasaki Disease Treated?

6/18/2016

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  • Immune globulin is a medicine that's injected into a vein.
  • As soon as his or her fever goes away, a low dose of aspirin is given.
  • Taking these steps can help lower the risk of future heart disease.
Medicines are the main treatment for Kawasaki disease. Rarely, children whose coronary (heart) arteries are affected may need medical procedures or surgery. The goals of treatment include: Reducing fever and inflammation to improve symptoms. Preventing the disease from affecting the coronary arteries


Initial Treatment
Kawasaki disease can cause serious health problems. Thus, your child will likely be treated in a hospital, at least for the early part of treatment.


The standard treatment during the disease's acute phase is high-dose aspirin and immune globulin. Immune globulin is a medicine that's injected into a vein.


Most children who receive these treatments improve greatly within 24 hours. For a small number of children, fever remains. These children may need a second round of immune globulin.


At the start of treatment, your child will receive high doses of aspirin. As soon as his or her fever goes away, a low dose of aspirin is given. The low dose helps prevent blood clots, which can form in the inflamed small arteries.


Most children treated for Kawasaki disease fully recover from the acute phase and don't need any further treatment. They should, however, follow a healthy diet and adopt healthy lifestyle habits. Taking these steps can help lower the risk of future heart disease. (Following a healthy lifestyle is advised for all children, not just those who have Kawasaki disease.)


Children who have had immune globulin should wait 11 months before having the measles and chicken pox vaccines. Immune globulin can prevent those vaccines from working well.
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5 Tests and Procedures

6/9/2016

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Echocardiography
If the doctor thinks that your child has Kawasaki disease, he or she will likely recommend echocardiography, or echo. This painless test uses sound waves to create pictures of the heart and coronary arteries.


Echo also can help show the disease's effects over time, if any, on your child's coronary arteries. Often, the disease's effects on the coronary arteries don't show up until the second or third week after the first symptoms appear. Thus, this test is done regularly after the diagnosis.


Some children who have Kawasaki disease don't have the classic signs and symptoms of the acute phase. Doctors may not diagnose these children until 2 to 3 weeks after the onset of the disease. This is when another common sign of Kawasaki disease occurs— peeling of the skin on the fingers and toes.


If your child is diagnosed at this point, he or she will likely need echo right away to see whether the disease has affected the coronary arteries.


Other Diagnostic Tests
Doctors also use other tests to help diagnose Kawasaki disease, such as: Blood tests. The results from blood tests can show whether the body's blood vessels are inflamed.


Chest x ray. This painless test creates pictures of structures inside the chest, such as the heart and lungs. A chest x ray can show whether Kawasaki disease has affected the heart.


EKG (electrocardiogram). This simple test detects and records the heart's electrical activity. An EKG can show whether Kawasaki disease has affected the heart.
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4 Signs and Symptoms

6/2/2016

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What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease?

Major Signs and Symptoms
One of the main symptoms during the early part of Kawasaki disease, called the acute phase, is fever. The fever lasts longer than 5 days. It remains high even after treatment with standard childhood fever medicines.


Other classic signs of the disease are:
Swollen lymph nodes in the neck
A rash on the mid-section of the body and in the genital area
Red, dry, cracked lips and a red, swollen tongue
Red, swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet
Redness of the eyes
​
Other Signs and Symptoms
During the acute phase, your child also may be irritable and have a sore throat, joint pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain.


Within 2 to 3 weeks of the start of symptoms, the skin on your child's fingers and toes may peel, sometimes in large sheets.


How Is Kawasaki Disease Diagnosed?
Kawasaki disease is diagnosed based on your child's signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures.


Specialists Involved
Pediatricians often are the first to suspect a child has Kawasaki disease. Pediatricians are doctors who specialize in treating children.


If the disease has affected your child's coronary (heart) arteries, a pediatric cardiologist will confirm the diagnosis and give ongoing treatment. Pediatric cardiologists treat children who have heart problems.


Other specialists also may be involved in treating children who have Kawasaki disease.


Signs and Symptoms
The doctor will check your child for the classic signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease.
The doctor will rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms. These diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever, scarlet fever, and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.


Generally, your child will be diagnosed with Kawasaki disease if he or she has a fever that lasts longer than 5 days plus four other classic signs or symptoms of the disease.


However, not all children have classic signs and symptoms of Kawasaki disease. Tests and procedures can help confirm whether a child has the disease.

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3 Overview

5/25/2016

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Outlook
Kawasaki disease can't be prevented. However, most children who have the disease usually recover within weeks of getting symptoms. Further problems are rare.

The disease affects some children's coronary arteries, which can cause serious problems. These children need long-term care and treatment.

Researchers continue to look for the cause of Kawasaki disease and better ways to diagnose and treat it. They also hope to learn more about long-term health risks, if any, for people who have had the disease.

Other Names for Kawasaki Disease
Kawasaki syndrome
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome

What Causes Kawasaki Disease?
The cause of Kawasaki disease isn't known. The body's response to a virus or infection combined with genetic factors may cause the disease. However, no specific virus or infection has been found, and the role of genetics isn't known.

Kawasaki disease can't be passed from one child to another. Your child won't get it from close contact with a child who has the disease. Also, if your child has the disease, he or she can't pass it to another child.

Who Is at Risk for Kawasaki Disease?
Kawasaki disease affects children of all races and ages and both genders. It occurs most often in children of Asian and Pacific Island descent.

The disease is more likely to affect boys than girls. Most cases occur in children younger than 5 years old. Kawasaki disease is rare in children older than 8.
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2 What Is Kawasaki Disease?

5/20/2016

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NATIONAL HEART, LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE INFORMATION


What Is Kawasaki Disease?
Kawasaki disease is a rare childhood disease. It's a form of a condition called vasculitis. This condition involves inflammation of the blood vessels.


In Kawasaki disease, the walls of the blood vessels throughout the body become inflamed. The disease can affect any type of blood vessel in the body, including the arteries, veins, and capillaries.


Sometimes Kawasaki disease affects the coronary arteries, which carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart. As a result, some children who have Kawasaki disease may develop serious heart problems.


Overview
The cause of Kawasaki disease isn't known. The body's response to a virus or infection combined with genetic factors may cause the disease. However, no specific virus or infection has been found, and the role of genetics isn't known.


The disease can't be passed from one child to another. Your child won't get it from close contact with a child who has the disease. Also, if your child has the disease, he or she can't pass it to another child.


Kawasaki disease affects children of all races and ages and both genders. It occurs most often in children of Asian and Pacific Island descent. The disease is more likely to affect boys than girls. Most cases occur in children younger than 5 years old.


One of the main symptoms of Kawasaki disease is a fever that lasts longer than 5 days. The fever remains high even after treatment with standard childhood fever medicines.


Children who have the disease also may have red eyes, red lips, and redness on the palms of their hands and soles of their feet. These are all signs of inflamed blood vessels.


Early treatment helps reduce the risk of Kawasaki disease affecting the coronary arteries and causing serious problems.
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1 CDC INFORMATION

5/14/2016

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CDC INFORMATION
Kawasaki Syndrome
History and Definition

Kawasaki syndrome (KS), also known as Kawasaki disease, is an acute febrile illness of unknown etiology that primarily affects children younger than 5 years of age. KS was first described in Japan by Tomisaku Kawasaki in 1967, and the first cases outside of Japan were reported in Hawaii in 1976.

KS is characterized by fever, rash, swelling of the hands and feet, irritation and redness of the whites of the eyes, swollen lymph glands in the neck, and irritation and inflammation of the mouth, lips, and throat. Serious complications of KS include coronary artery dilatations and aneurysms, and KS is a leading cause of acquired heart disease in the United States. The standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin and aspirin substantially decreases the development of these coronary artery abnormalities.

KS occurs worldwide, with the highest incidence in Japan, and it most often affects boys and younger children. KS may have a winter-spring seasonality, and community-wide outbreaks have been reported occasionally. In the continental United States, population-based and hospitalization studies have estimated an incidence of KS ranging from 9 to 19 per 100,000 children younger than 5 years of age. Approximately 4248 hospitalizations with KS, of which 3277 (77%) were for children under 5 years of age, were estimated among children younger than 18 years of age in the United States in the year 2000. In 2009, the estimated number of hospitalizations with KS was 5447 (standard error [SE] = 297); 4040 (SE = 227) for children < 5 years of age.

CDC uses hospital discharge data, a passive KS surveillance system, and special studies to describe the incidence and epidemiology of KS in the United States. The KS surveillance system has been maintained by CDC since 1976 and is based on voluntary reporting of KS cases by health care providers and local and state health authorities. A standardized case report form is used to collect information on patients.
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