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Zinc

9/2/2016

0 Comments

 

​Zinc found to reverse brain cell changes in autism

Picture
  1. I want to supplement his explanation. 
    私は彼の説明の補足をしたい。
  2. If not, the source network is not included in the subset. 
    そうではない場合、そのソース・ネットワークはそのサブセットに含まれない。
  3. Intriguingly, the white paper was issued under the instructions of the government. 
    興味深いことに、白書は政府の指示の下で出されました。
  4. My cognitive faculty is getting worse. 
    私の思考力は落ちています。
  5. My mom was hospitalized because of schizophrenia today. 
    今日、母が統合失調症が原因で入院しました。
  6. Parents can pass many diseases on to their offspring. 
    親が多くの病気を子どもに遺伝させる事がわかった。
  7. Price is regulated by demand and supply. 
    相場は需要供給より定まる
  8. Some mushrooms are lethally toxic. 
    ある種のキノコは致死的に有毒である。
  9. Such materials have many technological applications. 
    このような材料は技術的アプリケーションが多くある。
  10. That has a low impact on the environment. 
    それは環境負荷が少ない。
  11. The illness has considerably weakened him. 
    その病気で彼はかなり弱った
  12. The market share has grown significantly. 
    マーケットシェアは大きく伸びた。
  13. the place where neutrons meet together, called synapse 
    シナプスという,神経という器官どうしの接触部分
  14. There is dietary fiber in that. 
    その中には食物繊維が入っています。
  15. They have serious linguistic deficits 
    彼らには重大な言語障害がある
  16. This happens due to genetic abnormalities. 
    これは遺伝子の異常により起こる。
  17. Thus, an optimum printed result is obtained. 
    これにより、最適な印刷結果を得ることが可能になる。
  18. We optimized the design of every component in the helmet. 
    ヘルメットの中のどの部品のデザインも最適化しました。
  19. We’ll consider the possibility of collaborative efforts. 
    協業の可能性を検討する
  20. You can alter it any way you like. 
    それは自由に変更しても構いません。
  21. Your kidney function is bad. 
    腎機能が悪い。
Cellular changes in the brain caused by genetic mutations that occur in autism can be reversed by zinc, according to research at the University of Auckland.
​
Medical scientists at the University's Department of Physiology have researched aspects of how autism mutations change brain cell function for the past five years.

This latest work - a joint collaborative effort lead by neuroscientist collaborators in Auckland, America and Germany - was published today in the high impact journal, the Journal of Neuroscience.

The study was funded by the Marsden Fund and the Neurological Foundation.

Lead investigator at the University of Auckland, Associate Professor Johanna Montgomery from the University's Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, says "This most recent work, builds significantly from our earlier work showing that gene changes in autism decrease brain cell communication."

"We are seeking ways to reverse these cellular deficits caused by autism-associated changes in brain cells," she says."This study looks at how zinc can alter brain cell communication that is altered at the cellular level and we are now taking that forward to look at the function of zinc at the dietary and behavior level."

"Autism is associated with genetic changes that result in behavioral changes," says Dr Montgomery. "It begins within the cells, so what happens at a behavioral level indicates something that has gone wrong at the cellular level in the brain."

International studies have found that normally there are high levels of zinc in the brain, and brain cells are regulated by zinc, but that zinc deficiency is prevalent in autistic children.

"Research using animal models has shown that when a mother is given a low zinc diet, the offspring will be more likely to display autistic associated behaviors," she says.
​
"Our work is showing that even the cells that carry genetic changes associated with autism can respond to zinc.

"Our research has focused on the protein Shank3, which is localized at synapses in the brain and is associated with neuro-developmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia," she says.

"Human patients with genetic changes in Shank3 show profound communication and behavioral deficits. In this study, we show that Shank3 is a key component of a zinc-sensitive signaling system that regulates how brain cells communicate."

"Intriguingly, autism-associated changes in the Shank3 gene impair brain cell communication," says Dr Montgomery. "These genetic changes in Shank3 do not alter its ability to respond to zinc".

"As a result, we have shown that zinc can increase brain cell communication that was previously weakened by autism-associated changes in Shank3".

"Disruption of how zinc is regulated in the body may not only impair how synapses work in the brain, but may lead to cognitive and behavioral abnormalities seen in patients with psychiatric disorders."

"Together with our results, the data suggests that environmental/dietary factors such as changes in zinc levels could alter this protein's signaling system and reduce its ability to regulate the nerve cell function in the brain," she says.

This has applications to both autism and psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
Dr Montgomery says the next stage of their research is to investigate the impact of dietary zinc supplements to see what impact it has on autistic behaviors.

"Too much zinc can be toxic, so it is important to determine the optimum level for preventing and treating  autism and also whether zinc is beneficial for all or a subset of genetic changes that occur in Autism patients."

​http://medicalxpress.com/news/2016-08-zinc-reverse-brain-cell-autism.html
0 Comments

9

8/18/2016

0 Comments

 
Element of surprise can trigger autistic behavior ​
Picture
anticonvulsant - at bay - devoid - embryonic - enriched
exposed extensive - overstimulation - radically - relevant
surroundings - tailored - unconventional - withdrawal - womb
  1. She took a radically different approach 
    彼女は根本的に異なったアプローチを取った
  2. The doctor advised me to avoid physical overstimulation. 
    医師は物理的な過刺激を避けるように忠告した。
  3. The experience enriched her understanding 
    経験は彼女の理解を豊かにした
  4. These will be differentiated and tailored to national circumstances. 
    これらは，各国の状況に即して差別化される。
  5. The robber kept his pursuers at bay. 
    賊が追いつめられて追手を近づけない
  6. The room is exposed to the afternoon sun. 
    この室は西日が射す
  7. it is a type of anticonvulsant agent. 
    抗痙攣薬の一種である。
  8. The room was devoid of furniture. 
    その部屋には家具が無かった。
  9. My goal for the consecutive holidays is to not withdrawal in my room. 
    連休中の目標は、引きこもりにならないことです。
  10. It was an unconventional selection in Sumitomo. 
    住友としては異例の抜擢であった。
  11. The building harmonizes with its surroundings. 
    その建物は周囲と調和している. 
  12. The business is certainly run on a very extensive scale. 
    その事業はよほど規模が大きいに違いない.
  13. He gave us relevant information. 
    彼は適切な情報を私たちに与えてくれます。
  14. Surely he can not enter a second time into his mother's womb to be born!
    もう一度、母の胎に入って生れる事が出来ましょうか。
  15. What are the uses of embryonic stem cells? 
    ES細胞にはどのような使い道があるのだろうか。
The authors of a new study, recently completed at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), claim that their work will (radically) change the way that autism is viewed and treated by suggesting that predictability may help prevent or limit symptoms.
​
In the study, co-author Professor Henry Markram (himself the father of an autistic child) and his colleagues report that social and sensory (overstimulation) can drive autistic behavior, and that by presenting a child that with an (enriched) environment that is structured, safe, and (tailored) to his or her unique sensitivities, parents can help kept these behaviors (at bay).

Professor Markram’s team (exposed) rats to a known autism risk factor, the (anticonvulsant) and mood-stabilizing drug valproate, and raised them in a home environment that is predictable and offers little in the way of surprise, without being (devoid) of sensory or social engagement. They found that these rats did not develop fear, anxiety, or social (withdrawal).

Diagnosing hyper-brain early could open up new treatment options
These observations support the somewhat (unconventional) view that the brains of autistic people are hyperfunctional, and that providing these patients with consistent and non-surprising (surroundings) could prevent such symptoms. They also claim that these results show that autistic brains are not necessarily damaged and in need of (extensive) stimulation.

In a statement, Markram called the valproate model used in the research “highly (relevant) for understanding autism, because children exposed to valproate in the (womb) have an increased chance of presenting autism after birth.” His team found that rodents who were exposed to the chemical compound early on in their (embryonic) development began to demonstrate behavioral, anatomical, and neurochemical abnormalities comparable to the traits of human autism.


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8

7/29/2016

0 Comments

 
Playing story-rich video games could help people with autism ​
  1. The Fund’s third focus should be the enhancement of its lending functions.
    三点目は融資機能の強化です。
  2. That house had really great sun exposure.
    その家はとても日当たりがよかった。
  3. Precisely because it is intuitive, it's a strength that you need to hone.
    むしろ直感こそあなたが磨かなければいけない力です。
  4. people who have severe hearing impairments
    深刻な聴覚障害を持つ人々
  5. Several incidents have been welded into a single narrative.
    いくつかの出来事が一つの物語に統合されている.
  6. He has a neutral stance.
    彼の立場は中立だ。
  7. the mental process of perceiving a matter or subject
    物事を認識する心の働き
  8. It is relatively cool today.
    今日は比較的涼しい。
  9. His genius revealed itself.
    彼の天才が見えてきた.
  10. Dinner today was extremely satisfying again.
    今日の夕食も大満足だった。
  11. I want specific information.
    具体的に話して欲しい。
  12. They ultimately decided not to go.
    彼らは結局行かないことにした.

Bormann and Greitemeyer found that the (narrative) game elements contributed to creating a more immersive experience for the player, and that being immersed in a game’s story supports players in (perceiving) opportunities to make meaningful choices and establishing relationships. Furthermore, their research (revealed) that these types of games affected their ability to assess the mental states of others (a phenomenon also known as “theory of mind”).

“Although the effects regarding theory of mind were (relatively) small, we were excited to see initial evidence for the short-term (enhancement) through in-game storytelling,” said Bormann. “Importantly, this effect was (specific) to the condition in which participants actively engaged in the games narration, while the mere (exposure) to the narrative video game did not affect theory of mind, in comparison to playing a (neutral) video game.”
​
Their findings indicate that in-game storytelling contributes to a more immersive and (satisfying) overall gaming experience, and that playing these types of games can (hone) skills that can be used in real life on a regular basis. While more research needs to be done, Bormann believes that this type of research could (ultimately) be used to develop tools to treat conditions such as autism, which are characterized by (impairments) in social interaction.
0 Comments

7

7/22/2016

0 Comments

 
 Probing the impact of video game storytelling on players ​

  1. He randomly thinks about what happened a year ago.
    彼がふと一年前の事を考える
  2. I want to foster her sociability.
    私は彼女の社会性を養いたい。
  3. Please evaluate this material at your facility.
    この材料をあなたの設備で評価して下さい。
  4. That will complete soon.
    それはもうすぐ完成する。
  5. The action is characteristic of the man.
    彼のやりそうなことだ
  6. The execution seldom corresponds with the conception.
    思う半分も言えぬ
  7. The narrative was interlaced with anecdotes.
    その物語には逸話が織り交ぜてあった.
  8. The satisfaction of hunger requires food.
    飢えをいやすには食物が必要だ.
  9. We enhanced safety when search errors appear.
    検索エラー発生時のセーフティ機能を強化しました
  10. We must assess our own physical condition accurately.
    私たちは自分の体調を正確に把握すべきである
  11. Will computers depersonalize human interactions?
    コンピュータは、人間の交流から個性を奪うか？
  12. You can see the colors of the spectrum in a rainbow.
    虹の中にスペクトルの色を見る事が出来る。

As Bormann explained in a statement, “The motivation to engage in and enjoy video games corresponds with principals that apply to human motivation in general... [and] successful game franchises offer players a spectrum of meaningful choices to shape the game's narrative and environment, provide carefully balanced challenges, or encourage players to experience social connectedness and meaningful social interactions.”

In addition, previous research has indicated that satisfying those needs leads to an increase in the motivation to continue playing, as well as enhanced well-being and a more immersive experience overall. The authors set out to further investigate by determining whether or not storytelling was able to foster immersion and change how players could assess the mental states of others.

In order to test if storytelling in games could create the type of emotional bond characteristic of immersion, Bormann and Greitemeyer randomly assigned study participants to play one of two different titles. In the first, Gone Home, the gamer plays as a female US student who has just returned after spending a year overseas and must find out why her family vanishes. In the other title, Against the Wall, players climb an infinite wall and little narrative is involved.

For Gone Home, one group of players were given the game developer’s instructions and another was told to register, memorize, and evaluate various properties of the game. After 20 minutes of play, all participants were told to complete a task in which they assessed facial emotions, as well as to complete a survey to assess their sense of immersion and the level of need satisfaction that they experienced during their gaming sessions.
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6

7/15/2016

0 Comments

 
​
  1. A spatial axis may also be an information attribute.
    空間軸を情報の属性としても良い。
  2. He's well informed about all aspects of the society.
    社会の万般に通じている.
  3. I am spending everyday in a meaningful way.
    毎日有意義に過ごしている。
  4. It was disheartening.
    心が折れるような出来事だった。
  5. Mobile phone connectivity is still not entirely stable.
    携帯電話の電波状況がまだ不安定
  6. The air is a medium for sound.
    空気は音の媒体だ。
  7. The story is consistent with the evidence.
    その話は証拠と一致する。
  8. The volume data set includes a large number of voxels stored in a memory.
    ボリュームデータ集合は、メモリ中に格納された多数のボクセルを含む。
  9. They are in different regions.
    彼らは違う地域にいる。
  10. This is the unbiased opinion of all ages.
    千古の公論なり」と云っている。
​Comparing voxels

Another key area with reduced connectivity, according to the study, is in a part of the brain’s parietal lobe linked to spatial functions.

Taken together, the findings in these two key areas are consistent with theories of the mind as they relate to autism. The team noted that these discoveries would not be possible without BWAS.

"BWAS tests for differences between patients and controls in the connectivity of every pair of voxels at a whole brain level,” Feng said. “Unlike previous seed-based or independent components-based approaches, this method has the great advantage of being fully unbiased in that the connectivity of all brain voxels can be compared, not just selected brain regions."

5. How storytelling in video games can help treat autism

As a video game enthusiast, it can be disheartening to see so many scientific studies done on the negative effects of the medium, but a new paper published this week in Social Psychological and Personality Science looks at the positive aspects of storytelling through software.

In their study, University of Freiburg psychologist Daniel Bormann and Tobias Greitemeyer of the University of Innsbruck in Austria suggest that non-violent video games that allow players to play a role and make meaningful choices may benefit people with autism or similar disorders.
0 Comments

5

7/9/2016

0 Comments

 
​
  1. I am majoring in analytics.
    私は解析学を専攻している。
  2. This is most commonly associated with lower back pain.
    これは腰痛と最も一般的に関連しています。
  3. The room has a panoramic view of both the ocean and the city.
    この部屋から海と町が一望に見晴らせる.
  4. The market share has grown significantly.
    マーケットシェアは大きく伸びた。 
  5. I want to learn your technique.
    私はあなたの技術を学びたい
  6. Bento boxes are popular because they are functional.
    弁当箱はその機能性で人気があります。
  7. The children were modeling animals in clay.
    子供たちは粘土で動物を作っていた.
  8. I will compile all that data.
    私はその収集データをまとめる。
  9. To improve temporal resolution of an iris.
    アイリスの時間分解能を改善する
  10. Including the actual processing costs
    現合加工費含む
  11. Objects implicated in the offense may be confiscated.
    犯罪に関係する物は，押収することができる。
​Differences between autistic and non-autistic brains discovered
Through the development of a new data analytics tool, medical researchers at the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom have opened the door to understanding the physical differences in the brain associated with autism, ADHD and a number of other cognitive conditions.


According to a report in the journal Brain, the Warwick researchers developed a method called Brain-Wide Association Analysis (BWAS) that is the first technique capable of generating panoramic views of the entire brain and accurate 3D models.


In the study, scientists used BWAS to determine regions of the brain that may contribute significantly to the symptoms of autism.


That's BWASsup
With their technique, the UK researchers could analyze over 1.1 billion pieces of data covering the nearly 48,000 different areas of the brain, known as voxels. BWAS essentially analyzes the total output of a functional MRI (fMRI) scan. Previous techniques used to process this level of information and were limited to modeling only small areas.


The ability analyze the entire set of data from an fMRI scan supplied the Warwick scientists with the chance to compile, contrast and compare precise computer models for autistic and non-autistic brains. The team used data from hundreds of fMRI scans of brains from both types of individuals.


"We identified in the autistic model a key system in the temporal lobe visual cortex with reduced cortical functional connectivity,” said study author Jianfeng Feng, a professor of computational biology at Warwick. “This region is involved with the face expression processing involved in social behavior. This key system has reduced functional connectivity with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, which is implicated in emotion and social communication.”
0 Comments

4

6/18/2016

0 Comments

 
Does circumcision cause autism? #2
​
  1. a diagram that expresses an idea so that it can be easily conceptualized
    物事の概念を図式化して表した図
  2. Adolescent children often regard their parents as a nuisance.
    年頃の子供にとっては親の存在がときには煩わしく感じられるものだ.
  3. He has long been urging the necessity of coast-defence.
    つとに海防の必要を絶叫す
  4. How do you account for his failure?
    彼の失敗をどう説明しますか。
  5. I believe there is a strong correlation between stock prices and the market.
    私は株価と景気には強い関係があると思う。
  6. I'm so desperate now that I'll do anything, and damn the consequences.
    ええい, こうなったらやけくそだ.
  7. It is publicly known that azidothymidine can be used as therapeutic agent for AIDS.
    アジドチミジンがエイズ治療薬として使用できることは公知である。
  8. Land will no longer be subject to speculative hoarding and selling.
    土地はもはや投機的な売買の対象にはならない.
  9. play a crucial role in neurodevelopmental processes
    神経発生的過程で決定的な役割を果たす
  10. Please don't take his words at face value.
    あなたは彼の言葉を額面通りに受け取ってはいけません。
  11. Prompt me to save passwords
    パスワードを保存する確認をする
  12. The long-term implications for this are quite staggering.
    これに対する長期的な影響はかなり驚きである。
  13. The soil is not suitable for the cultivation of rice.
    地味が米作に適さない.
  14. There's a strong likelihood that the matter will soon be settled.
    事態はすぐに解決する可能性が強い.
  15. To love money for itself is to confound the means with the end.
    金そのものを愛するのは手段と目的を混同するのである
  16. To suppress clock skewing of a semiconductor integrated circuit.
    半導体集積回路のクロックスキューを抑制する。
  17. You ought to think over whether the premise is valid or not.
    その前提が妥当かどうかよく考えるべきだ。
“Possible mechanisms linking early life pain and stress to an increased risk of neurodevelopmental, behavioral or psychological problems in later life remain incompletely conceptualized,”Frisch said.


“Given the widespread practice of non-therapeutic circumcision in infancy and childhood around the world, our findings should prompt other researchers to examine the possibility that circumcision trauma in infancy or early childhood might carry an increased risk of serious neurodevelopmental and psychological consequences,” he added.


Some experts are urging caution with the findings, according to the Daily Mail. Professor Jeremy Turk, an adolescent psychiatrist at Southwark Child & Adolescent Mental Health Neurodevelopmental Service, told the newspaper that while the findings of the study were “interesting,” they needed to be “considered carefully.”


“This is not a causal study, but instead compares data sets and looks for correlations. While this is a valid way of doing a study, it means that we must be careful about any implications,” he said. “For example, many cases of autism are missed until children are older and as there are relatively few cases of autism this could easily skew the data.”


“Furthermore, there are many potentially confounding variables which could explain raised ASD rates, which the authors do not explore or account for,” Turk continued. “Finally, I have some issues with the premise in that their speculations regarding early pain as a cause of autism are, to say the least, highly speculative.”


Dr Rosa Hoekstra, a lecturer in psychology at the Open University, agreed, that it “takes a registered autism diagnosis at face value, without considering cultural or social factors affecting the likelihood of an (early) autism diagnosis. Even in a high income country like Denmark not all children with autism are detected and given a suitable autism diagnosis at an early age.”
0 Comments

3 

6/10/2016

0 Comments

 
Does circumcision cause autism?
Ritual circumcision, a rite practiced by many cultures and religions, could increase the odds that boys will develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prior to the age of 10, claims new research published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine.


Undergoing the ritual, in which the foreskin or prepuce of the male penis is surgically removed, especially increased risk for infantile autism before the age of five, according to the results of a cohort study involving over 340,000 boys in Denmark from 1994 through 2013.


All of the subjects were born between 1994 and 2003 and followed through the age of nine, and during the course of the study, nearly 5,000 cases of ASD were diagnosed. The study discovered that, regardless of their cultural background, circumcised boys could be at greater risk of developing the condition.


“Our investigation was prompted by the combination of recent animal findings linking a single painful injury to lifelong deficits in stress response and a study showing a strong, positive correlation between a country's neonatal male circumcision rate and its prevalence of ASD in boys,” lead investigator Morten Frisch, a professor in the Department of Epidemiology Research at Statens Serum Institut in Copenhagen, explained in a statement.


Frisch, who is also affiliated with the Center for Sexology Research at Aalborg University, and co-author Jacob Simonsen also discovered that circumcision was linked to an increased risk of hyperactivity disorder among circumcised boys in non-Muslim families.


While these days, it is considered unacceptable medical practice to perform a circumcision without proper pain relief, none of the most common interventions used to reduce such pain is capable of completely eliminating it, the study authors said. Some boys, they add, will endure extremely painful circumcisions – especially those who are very young.


Painful experiences in neonates has previously been linked to long-term changes in pain perception in animal and human studies, the researchers explained. This characteristic is also frequently encountered in children who have been diagnosed with ASD.
0 Comments

2

6/4/2016

0 Comments

 
Dad’s sperm may be to blame for autism
The search for a cause to autism continues to baffle scientists, but a new study from Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine has found that epigenetic tags, or the factors that affect genes, could be behind the developmental disorder – according to a new study published in the International Journal of Epidemiology.


The new study is based on past autism research that has found the condition tends to run in families.


"We wondered if we could learn what happens before someone gets autism," says Andrew Feinberg, a professor of molecular medicine at Johns Hopkins.


"If epigenetic changes are being passed from fathers to their children, we should be able to detect them in sperm," noted study author Daniele Fallin, a professor and autism expert in the Bloomberg School of Public Health.


In the study, the team evaluated the epigenetic tags in sperm from 44 fathers who were part of a continuing study to assess the factors that affect a child in early stages of development, before they are diagnosed with autism. The study also includes pregnant mothers who currently have a child with autism. Biological samples and data are collected from the parents and the babies after they are born. A year after the child was born, they were examined for early signs of autism using the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI).


After combing through epigenetic tags at 450,000 different positions throughout sperm genomes, the team contrasted the odds of a tag being in a specific site with the AOSI rating of each child. The team found more than 190 different sites where a tag was significantly related to the autism scores.


Upon specific examination of the tags, the team discovered that many of them were near genes that played a role in developmental functions, particularly in neural development. Of particular interest were four of the 10 locations most clearly linked to the AOSI scores were near genes linked to Prader-Willi syndrome, a genetic condition that includes many of the same symptoms as autism. Many of the affected epigenetic patterns were also discovered in people with autism, giving support to the notion that they might be associated with autism.


The researchers said they plan to expand their work by looking at the occupational and environmental backgrounds of the fathers in the study to see if there might be a common factor.
0 Comments

1 

5/28/2016

1 Comment

 
1. New study finds genetic clues to autism
by Brett Smith

A new study published in the journal Nature Genetics has found that mothers without symptoms of autism may pass on genetic risk factors for the developmental condition to their sons.

The study included genetic information from nearly 2,400 children with autism and by examining families with one child with autism and one or more children devoid of the condition, the scientists gathered new data on how various kinds of mutations impact autism risk.

The researchers said their genetic information was acquired from exome sequencing, which looks at just the protein-coding parts of the genome.

"The ability to examine these two types of genetic variation in exome sequencing data is the first step toward obtaining a more complete genetic picture at an individual level in the context of autism," noted the study team, from the University of Washington and Baylor College of Medicine, in a statement.

Focusing on other mutations

Past research has focused on de novo mutations, or mutations that show up in the child but not in either parent. Some cases of autism can be linked to these mutations, but not all.

Instead of focusing on de novo mutations, the study team focused on other kinds of mutations, including those inherited from the mother or father. In particular, they quantified the autism risk of passed down gene mutations that cut off the formation of proteins. They were especially interested in those proteins that are generally unscathed in the volunteers unaffected by autism.

The scientists learned that the effect was most powerful when they detected mutations transmitted from mothers to sons. This observation suggests a female may harbor such mutations without establishing autism, but when the mutations are passed along to her male offspring, the boys are at risk of developing the condition.

The study also supplied one of the most vibrant genetic pictures of autism to date. The scientists were able to compare both small mutations of single base-pairs in DNA and larger deletions and duplications of the genome.

"These findings are a major advance in understanding the genes that play a role in autism," said study author Raphael Bernier, associate professor of psychology and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington. "Knowing more about these genes will set the stage for personalized medicine by allowing for targeted treatments specific to an individual. This gives parents more insight and information about their child's condition."
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